WORKING PAPERS

*indicates equal contribution

Chen, C. X., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. What makes news sharable on social media? Available at PsyArXiv

Epstein, Z., Lin, H., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. How many others have shared this? Experimentally investigating the effects of social cues on engagement, misinformation, and unpredictability on social media. Available at arXiv

Epstein, Z., Lin, H., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. Quantifying attention via dwell time and engagement in a social media browsing environment. Available at arXiv

Guay, B., Berinsky, A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. Examining partisan asymmetries in fake news sharing and the efficacy of accuracy prompt interventions. Available at PsyArXiv

Guay, B., Berinsky, A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. How to think about whether misinformation interventions work. Available at PsyArXiv

Kozyreva, A. et al. Toolbox of interventions against online misinformation and manipulation. Available at PsyArXiv

Lin, H., Lasser, J., Lewandowsky, S., Cole, R., Gully, A., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. High level of agreement across different news domain quality ratings. Available at PsyArXiv

Martel, C., Allen, J., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. Crowds can effectively identify misinformation at scale. Available at PsyArXiv

McPhetres, J., & Pennycook, G. Lay people are unimpressed by graphs depicting effect sizes typically reported in psychological science. Available at PsyArXiv

Mosleh*, M., Yang*, Q., Zaman, T., Pennycook, G., Rand, D. G. Trade-offs between reducing misinformation and politically-balanced enforcement on social media. Available at PsyArXiv

Pennycook, G., Binnendyk, J., & Rand, D. G. Overconfidently conspiratorial: Conspiracy believers are dispositionally overconfident and massively overestimate how much others agree with them. Available at PsyArXiv

Ruggeri, K. et al. Evaluating expectations from social and behavioral science about COVID-19 and lessons for the next pandemic. Available at PsyArXiv

 PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS

2023

Arechar, A. A., Allen, J., Berinsky, A., Cole, R., Epstein, Z., Garimella, K., Gully, A., Lu, J. G., Ross, R. M., Stagnaro, M. N., Zhang, Y., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (accepted). Understanding and Combating Online Misinformation Across 16 Countries on Six Continents. Nature Human Behavior. preprint

Bago, B., Rand, D. G., Pennycook, G. (accepted). Reasoning about climate change. PNAS Nexus. preprint

Bhargava, P., MacDonald, K., Newton, C., Lin, H., & Pennycook, G. (2023). How effective are TikTok misinformation debunking videos? Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 4, xx-xx.

Celadin, T., Capraro, V., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (accepted). Displaying news source trustworthiness ratings reduces sharing intentions for false news posts. Journal of Online Trust and Safety.

Epstein, Z., Sirlin, N., Arechar, A. A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2023). The social media context interferes with truth discernment. Science Advances. link preprint

Erlich, A., Garner, C., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2023). Does analytic thinking insulate against pro-Kremlin disinformation? Evidence from Ukraine. Political Psychology, 44, 79-94. link preprint

Lin, H., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2023). Thinking more or thinking differently? Using drift-diffusion modeling to illuminate why accuracy prompts decrease misinformation sharing. Cognition, 230, 105312. link preprint

Muda, R., Pennycook, G., Pieńkosz, D., & Bialek, M. (accepted). People are worse at detecting fake news in their foreign language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. preprint

Newton, C., Feeney, J., & Pennycook, G. (2023). On the disposition to think analytically: Four distinct intuitive-analytic thinking styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1-18. link preprint

Pennycook, G. (2023). A framework for understanding reasoning errors: From fake news to climate change and beyond. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 67, 131-208 link preprint

Pennycook, G., Bago, B., & McPhetres, J. (2023). Science beliefs, political ideology, and cognitive sophistication. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 152, 80-97. link preprint

2022

Bago, B., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2022). Does deliberation decrease belief in conspiracies? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 103, 104395. link preprint

Binnendyk, J. & Pennycook, G. (2022). Intuition, reason, and conspiracy beliefs. Current Opinion in Psychology, 47, 101387. link preprint

Longoni, C., Fradkin, A., Cian, L., & Pennycook, G. (2022). News from generative Artificial Intelligence is believed less. Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’22). pdf preprint

Mosleh, M., Pennycook, G., Rand, D. G. (2022). Field experiments on social media. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 31, 69–75. link preprint

Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J. Bago, B., & Rand, D. G. (2022). Beliefs about COVID-19 in Canada, the U.K., and the U.S.A.: A novel test of political polarization and motivated reasoning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48, 750-765. link preprint

Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2022). Nudging social media sharing towards accuracy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 700, 152-164. link preprint

Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2022). Accuracy prompts are a replicable and generalizable approach for reducing the spread of misinformation. Nature Communications, 13, 2333. pdf preprint

2021

Allen, J., Arechar, A. A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Scaling up fact-checking using the wisdom of the crowds. Science Advances, 7, 36. link preprint

Brashier, N. M., Pennycook, G., Berinsky, A., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Timing matters when correcting fake news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118, e2020043118. link

Epstein, Z, Berinsky, B., Cole, R., Gully, A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Developing an accuracy-prompt toolkit to reduce COVID-19 misinformation online. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. link

Jahanbakhsh, F., Zhang, A. X., Berinsky, A. J., Pennycook, G., Rand, D. G., & Karger, D. R. (2021). Exploring lightweight interventions at posting time to reduce the sharing of misinformation on social media. CSCW ’21: Proceedings of the 24th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computings. preprint

McPhetres, J., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2021). Character deprecation in fake news: Is it in supply or demand? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24, 624-637. link preprint

Mosleh, M., Pennycook, G. Arechar, A. A., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Cognitive reflection correlates with behavior on Twitter. Nature Communications, 12, 921. link preprint

Pennycook, G.*, Epstein, Z.*, Mosleh, M.*, Arechar, A. A., Eckles, D., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online. Nature, 592, 590-595. link preprint

Pennycook, G., Binnendyk, J., Newton, C., & Rand, D. G. (2021). A practical guide to doing behavioural research on fake news and misinformation. Collabra, 7, 25293. link preprint

Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2021). Examining false beliefs about voter fraud in the wake of the 2020 Presidential Election. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. link

Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25, 388-402. link preprint

Ross, R. M., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2021). Beyond “fake news”: Analytic thinking and the detection of false and hyperpartisan news headlines. Judgment and Decision Making, 16, 484-504. pdf

Scherer, L. D., McPhetres, J., Pennycook, G., Kempe, A., Allen, L. A., Knoepke, C. E., Tate, C. E., & Matlock, D. D. (2021). Who is Susceptible to Online Health Misinformation? A Test of Psychosocial Hypotheses. Health Psychology, 40, 274-284. link preprint

2020

Bago, B., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2020). Fake news, fast and slow: Deliberation reduces belief in false (but not true) news headlines. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149, 1608-1613. pdf preprint

Bronstein, M., Pennycook, G., Buonomano, L., & Cannon, T. D. (2020). Belief in fake news, responsiveness to cognitive conflict, and analytic reasoning engagement. Thinking and Reasoning, 27, 510-535. link

De keersmaecker, J., Dunning, D., Pennycook, G., Rand, D. G., Sanchez, C., Unkelbach, C., & Roets, A. (2020). Investigating the robustness of the illusory truth effect across individual differences in cognitive ability, need for cognitive closure, and cognitive style. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46, 204-215. link preprint

Dias, N., Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2020). Emphasizing publishers does not effectively reduce susceptibility to misinformation on social media. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. pdf

Epstein, Z., Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2020) Will the crowd game the algorithm? Using layperson judgments to combat misinformation on social media by downranking distrusted sources. CHI ’20: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. link preprint

Martel, M., Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2020). Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5, 47. link preprint

Mosleh, M., Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2020). Self-reported willingness to share political news articles in online surveys correlates with actual sharing on Twitter. PLOS One, 15, e0228882. pdf

Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Collins, E., & Rand, D. G. (2020). The implied truth effect: Attaching warnings to a subset of fake news headlines increases perceived accuracy of headlines without warnings. Management Science, 66, 4921-5484. pdf preprint

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2020). On the belief that beliefs should change according to evidence: Implications for conspiratorial, moral, paranormal, political, religious, and science beliefs. Judgment and Decision Making, 15, 476-498. pdf

Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J. Zhang, Y., Lu, J. G. & Rand, D. G. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy nudge intervention. Psychological Science, 31, 767-905. link preprint

Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2020). Who falls for fake news? The roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity, and analytic thinking. Journal of Personality, 88, 185-200. link preprint

Scherer, L. D. & Pennycook, G. (2020). Who is Susceptible to Online Health Misinformation? American Journal of Public Health, 111, S276-S277. link

Tappin, B. M., Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2020). Thinking clearly about causal inferences of politically motivated reasoning: Why paradigmatic study designs often undermine causal inference. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 81-87. link preprint

Tappin, B. M., Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2020). Bayesian or biased? Analytic thinking and political belief updating. Cognition, 204, 104375. link preprint

Tappin, B. M., Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2020) Rethinking the link between cognitive sophistication and politically motivated reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150, 1095-1114. link preprint

Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N. Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Kitayama, S., Mobbs, D., Napper, L. E., Packer, D. J., Pennycook, G., Peters, E., Petty, R. E., Rand, D. G., Reicher, S. D., Schnall, S., Shariff, A., Skitka, L. J., Smith, S. S., Sunstein, C. R., Tabri, N., Tucker, J. A., van der Linden, S., Van Lange, P. A. M., Weeden, K. A., Wohl, M. J. A., Zaki, J., Zion, S. & Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behavior, 4, 460-471. pdf preprint

2019

Bronstein, M. V., Pennycook, G. Bear, A., Rand, D. G., & Cannon, T. D. (2019). Belief in Fake News is Associated with Delusionality, Dogmatism, Religious Fundamentalism, and Reduced Analytic Thinking. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8, 108-117. link preprint

Bronstein, M. V., Pennycook, G., Joorman, J., Corlett, P. R., & Cannon, T. D. (2019). Dual-process theory, conflict processing, and delusional belief. Clinical Psychology Review, 72, 101748. pdf link

De Neys, W., & Pennycook, G. (2019). Logic, fast and slow: Advances in dual-process theorizing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28, 503-509. pdf link

Fazio, L., Rand, D.G., & Pennycook, G. (2019). Repetition increases perceived truth equally for plausible and implausible statements. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26, 1705–1710. link preprint

Koehler, D. K., & Pennycook, G. (2019). How the public, and scientists, perceive advancement of knowledge from conflicting study results. Judgment & Decision Making 14, 671-682. pdf

Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2019). Fighting misinformation on social media using crowdsourced judgments of news source quality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 2521-2526. link (OA) preprint

Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2019). Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition, 188, 39-50. link preprint

Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2019). Cognitive Reflection and the 2016 US Presidential Election. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45, 224-239. link preprint

Ross*, R. M., Brown-Iannuzzi*, J. L., Gervais, W. M., Jong, J., Lanman, J. A., McKay, R., & Pennycook, G. (2019). Measuring supernatural belief using the affect misattribution procedure. Religion, Brain and Behavior, 10, 393-406. link

Stagnaro*, M. N., Ross*, R. M., Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2019). Cross-cultural support for a link between analytic thinking and disbelief in God: Evidence from India and the United Kingdom. Judgment and Decision Making, 14, 179-186. link (pdf)

2018

Lazer*, D., Baum*, M., Benkler, J., Berinsky, A., Greenhill, K., Menczer, F., Metzger, M., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., Sloman, S., Sunstein, C., Thorson, E., Watts, D., & Zittrain, J. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 9, 1094-1096. link

Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147, 1865-1880. pdf preprint

Pennycook, G. & Thompson, V. A. (2018). An analysis of the Canadian cognitive psychology job market (2006-2016). Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72, 71-80. pdf preprint

Stagnaro, M. N., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2018) Performance on the Cognitive Reflection Test is stable across time. Judgment and Decision Making, 13, 260–267. pdf

Thompson, V. A., Pennycook, G., Trippas, D. & Evans, J. St. B. T. (2018). Do smart people have better intuitions?  Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147, 945-961. pdf

Trippas*, D., Kellen*, D., Singmann*, H., Pennycook, G., Koehler, D. J., Fugelsang, J. A., & Dubé, C. (2018). Characterizing belief bias in syllogistic reasoning: A hierarchical-bayesian meta-analysis of ROC data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 2141–2174. link preprint

2017

Bialek*, M. & Pennycook*, G. (2017). The cognitive reflection test is robust to multiple exposures. Behavior Research Methods, 50, 1953–1959. link

Pennycook, G., Ross, R.M., Koehler, D.J. & Fugelsang, J.A. (2017). Dunning-Kruger effects in reasoning: Theoretical implications of the failure to recognize incompetence. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24, 1774-1784. link

2016

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J.A., Koehler, D.J. & Fugelsang, J.A. (2016). Is the cognitive reflection test a measure of both reflection and intuition? Behavior Research Methods, 48, 341–348. link

Pennycook, G., Ross, R.M., Koehler, D.J., & Fugelsang, J.A. (2016). Atheists and agnostics are more reflective than religious believers: Four empirical studies and a meta-analysis. PLOS One, 11, e0153039. link (OA)

Ross, R. M., Pennycook, G., McKay, R., Gervais, W. M., Langdon, R., & Coltheart, M. (2016). Analytic thinking style, not delusional ideation, predicts data gathering in a large beads task study. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 4, 300-314. link

Sterling, J. L., Jost, J. T., & Pennycook, G. (2016). Are neoliberals more susceptible to bullshit? Judgment and Decision Making, 11, 352–360. pdf

2015

Barr*, N., Pennycook*, G., Stolz, J.A., & Fugelsang, J.A. (2015). The brain in your pocket: Evidence that Smartphones are used to supplant thinking. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 473-480. link

Barr, N., Pennycook, G., Stolz, J.A., & Fugelsang, J.A. (2015). Reasoned connections: A dual-process perspective on creative thought. Thinking & Reasoning, 21, 61-75. [Special Issue on Creativity and Insight Problem Solving] link

Browne, M., Thomson, P., Rockloff, M., & Pennycook, G. (2015). Going against the herd: Understanding the psychosocial factors underlying the ‘vaccination confidence gap’. PLOS One, 10, e1032562. link

Meyer, A., Frederick, S., Burnham, T., Guevara Pinto, J. D., Boyer, T. W., Ball, L. J., Pennycook, G., Ackerman, R., & Thompson, V.A. (2015). Disfluent fonts don’t help people solve math problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144, e16-e30. link

Medimorec*, S. & Pennycook*, G. (2015). The language of denial: Text analysis reveals differences in language use between climate change proponents and skeptics. Climatic Change, 1-9. link

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J.A., Barr, N., Koehler, D.J. & Fugelsang, J.A. (2015) On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit. Judgment and Decision Making, 10, 549-563. pdf

Pennycook, G., Fugelsang, J.A., & Koehler, D.J. (2015). What makes us think? A three-stage dual-process model of analytic engagement. Cognitive Psychology, 80, 34-72. link

Pennycook, G., Fugelsang, J.A., & Koehler, D.J. (2015). Everyday consequences of analytic thinking. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 425-43. link preprint

Trippas, D., Pennycook, G., Verde, M.F., & Handley, S.J. (2015). Better but still biased: Analytic cognitive style and belief bias. Thinking & Reasoning, 21, 431-445. link

2014

Browne, M., Pennycook, G., Goodwin, B., & McHenry, M. (2014). Reflective minds and open hearts: Cognitive style and personality predict religiosity and spiritual thinking in a community sample. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 736-742. link

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J.A., Barr, N., Koehler, D.J. & Fugelsang, J.A. (2014). Cognitive style and religiosity: The role of conflict detection. Memory & Cognition, 42, 1-10. link

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J.A., Barr, N., Koehler, D.J. & Fugelsang, J.A. (2014). The role of analytic thinking in moral judgments and values. Thinking & Reasoning,20, 188-214. [Special Issue on Dual-Process Theories] link

Pennycook*, G., Trippas*, D., Handley, S. J., & Thompson, V.A. (2014). Base-rates: Both neglected and intuitive. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 40, 544-554. link

2013

Cheyne, J.A. & Pennycook, G. (2013). Sleep paralysis post-episode distress: Modeling potential effects of episode characteristics, general psychological distress, beliefs, and cognitive style. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 135-148. link

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J.A., Koehler, D.J. & Fugelsang, J.A. (2013). Belief bias during reasoning among religious believers and skeptics. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 806-811. link

Thompson, V.A., Prowse Turner, J., Pennycook, G., Ball, L., Brack, H., Ophir, Y. & Ackerman, R. (2013). The role of answer fluency and perceptual fluency as metacognitive cues for initiating analytic thinking. Cognition, 128, 237-251. link

2012

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J.A., Seli, P., Koehler, D.J. & Fugelsang, J.A. (2012). Analytic cognitive style predicts religious and paranormal belief. Cognition, 213, 335-346. link

Pennycook, G., Fugelsang, J.A. & Koehler, D.J. (2012). Are we good at detecting conflict during reasoning? Cognition, 124, 101-106. link

Pennycook, G. & Thompson, V.A. (2012). Reasoning with base-rates is routine, relatively effortless and context-dependent. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, 528-534. link

2011

Thompson, V.A., Prowse Turner, J. & Pennycook, G. (2011). Intuition, reason and metacognition. Cognitive Psychology, 63, 107-140. link

COMMENTARIES & REPLIES

Pennycook, G. (in press). Deliberation is (probably) triggered and sustained by multiple mechanisms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. [Commentary on De Neys, 2022]

Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2021). Lack of partisan bias in the identification of fake (versus real) news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. [Commentary on Gawronski, 2021] link

Pasquetto, I. V., Swire-Thompson, B., Amazeen, M. A., Benevenuto, F., Brashier, N. M., Bond, R. M., Bozarth, L. C., Budak, C., Ecker, U. K. H., Fazio, L. K., Ferrara, E., Flanagin, A. J., Flammini, A., Freelon, D., Grinberg, N., Hertwig, R., Jamieson, K. H., Joseph, K., Jones, J. J.,  Garrett, R. K., Kreiss, D., McGregor, S., McNealy, J., Margolin, D., Marwick, A., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nah, S., Lewandowsky, S., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Ortellado, P., Pennycook, G., Porter, E., Rand, D. G., Robertson, R., Tripodi, F., Vosoughi, S., Vargo, C., Varol, O., Weeks, B. E., Wihbey, J., Wood, T. J., & Yang, K. (2020) Tackling misinformation: What researchers could do with social media data. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 8, 1-14. link

Pennycook, G. (2020). Belief Bias and Its Significance for Modern Social Science. Psychological Inquiry. [Commentary on Clark & Winegard, 2020] link osf

Pennycook, G., De Neys, W., Evans, J. St. B. T., Stanovich, K. E., & Thompson, V. A. (2018). The mythical dual-process typology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. [Commentary on Melnikoff & Bargh, 2018] link

Pennycook, G. (2018). You are not your data. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. [Commentary on Zwaan, Etz, Lucas, & Donnelan, 2018] link

Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. (2017). The evolution of analytic thinking? Behavioral and Brain Sciences. [Commentary on Burkart, Schubiger, & van Schaik, 2017] link

Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J.A., Barr, N., Koehler, D.J. & Fugelsang, J.A. (2016) It’s still bullshit: Reply to Dalton. Judgment and Decision Making, 11, 123-125. link (pdf)

Pennycook, G., Fugelsang, J.A., Koehler, D.J., & Thompson, V.A. (2016) Commentary on: Rethinking fast and slow based on a critique of reaction-time reverse inference. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1174. link (OA)

Pennycook, G. & Ross, R.M. (2016). Commentary on: Cognitive reflection vs. calculation in decision making. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 9. link (OA)

Pennycook, G. (2015). Domain generality in religious cognition. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 5, 247-250. [Commentary on Johnson, Li, & Cohen, 2015] link

Pennycook, G. (2014). Evidence that analytic cognitive style influences religious belief: Comment on Razmyar and Reeve (2014). Intelligence, 43, 21-26. link

Thompson, V.A., Ackerman, R., Sidi, Y., Ball, L., Pennycook, G., & Prowse Turner, J. (2013). The role of answer fluency and perceptual fluency in the monitoring and control of reasoning: Reply to Alter, Oppenheimer, & Epley (2013). Cognition, 128, 256-258. link

CHAPTERS / HANDBOOKS

Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Holford, D. L., Finn, A., Lombardi, D., Al-Rawi, A. K., Thomson, A., Leask, J., Juanchich, M., Anderson, E. C., Sah, S., Vraga, E. K., Gavaruzzi, T., Rapp, D. N., Amazeen, M. A., Sinatra, G. M., Kendeou, P., Armaos, K. D., Newman, E. J., Ecker, U. K. H., Tapper, K., Bruns, H. H. B., Pennycook, G., Betsch, C., Hahn, U. (2021). The COVID-19 Vaccine Communication Handbook. A practical guide for improving vaccine communication and fighting misinformation. link

Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Ecker, U., Albarracin, D., Amazeen, M. A., Kendeou, P., Lombardi, D., Newman, E. J., Pennycook, G., Porter, E., Rand, D. G., Rapp, D. N, Reifler, J., Roozenbeek, J., Schmid, P., Seifert, C. M., Sinatra, G. M., Swire-Thompson, B., van der Linden, S., Vraga, E. K., Wood, T. J., Zaragoza, M. S. (2020). The Debunking Handbook 2020. link

Pennycook, G. (2018). Why reason matters: An introduction. In G. Pennycook (Ed.). The New Reflectionism in Cognitive Psychology: Why Reason Matters. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

Barr, N. & Pennycook, G. (2018). Why reason matters: Connecting research on human reason to the challenges of the anthropocene. In G. Pennycook (Ed.). The New Reflectionism in Cognitive Psychology: Why Reason Matters. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

Pennycook, G. (2017). A perspective on the theoretical foundation of dual-process models. In W. De Neys (Ed.). Dual-Process 2.0. New York, NY: Psychology Press. PDF

Pennycook, G., Tranel, D., Warner, K., & Asp, E. W. (2017). Beyond reasonable doubt: Cognitive and neuropsychological implications for religious disbelief. In A. Coles (Ed.). Neurology of Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. PDF

Pennycook, G. & Thompson, V.A. (2016). Base-rate neglect. In R. Pohl (Ed.). Cognitive Illusions: Intriguing Phenomena in Thinking, Judgment, and Memory (2nd ed.). Hove, UK: Psychology Press. PDF